SQL GROUP BY Clause – Group and Summarize Your Data

Introduction

In SQL, text data types are used to store alphanumeric values like names, addresses, emails, and descriptions. Choosing the correct text type — CHAR, VARCHAR, or TEXT — is important for optimizing storage space, query speed, and database performance.

In this section, you'll learn the definitions, differences, and best use cases for each text data type.

1. CHAR (Fixed-Length String)

CHAR is used to store fixed-length strings. If the stored string is shorter than the defined length, SQL automatically pads it with spaces to match the specified size.

Features:

• Fixed length
• Fast and predictable performance
• Uses extra storage if the data is often shorter than the specified length

Syntax:

column_name CHAR(length);

length = number of characters (1 to 255 depending on the database system)

Example:

CREATE TABLE countries (
country_code CHAR(2),
country_name CHAR(50)
    );

country_code like 'US', 'IN', 'UK' will always take 2 characters.

When to Use CHAR:

• Data with a constant size, such as country codes, gender ('M', 'F'), state abbreviations
• Fixed-format fields like credit card types ('VISA', 'MC')
• When exact storage size is known and consistent

2. VARCHAR (Variable-Length String)

VARCHAR stands for Variable Character. It stores variable-length strings, meaning only the actual characters are stored without unnecessary padding.

Features:

• Variable length
• More space-efficient than CHAR for varying-length text
• Slightly slower than CHAR when processing large volumes (because of extra calculations for string lengths)

Syntax:

column_name VARCHAR(length);

length = maximum number of characters allowed

Example:

CREATE TABLE employees (
first_name VARCHAR(50),
email VARCHAR(100)
    );

Names and emails can vary in length, making VARCHAR ideal.

When to Use VARCHAR:

• Data with unpredictable or variable length
• Names, emails, addresses, and descriptions under 255-65535 characters
• Most general-purpose text fields

3. TEXT (Large Text Field)

TEXT is used to store large amounts of text like long descriptions, blog posts, comments, or articles.

Features:

• Meant for large text storage (up to 65,535 characters for standard TEXT in MySQL)
• Cannot have a default value (in some databases like MySQL)
• TEXT fields are stored outside the main table with a pointer reference
• Different variants exist (TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT) for various sizes

Syntax:

column_name TEXT;

Example:

CREATE TABLE articles (
id INT,
title VARCHAR(255),
body TEXT
   );

body will store the full article content, which can be very large.

When to Use TEXT:

• Long-form text fields (comments, articles, reviews, reports)
• Data that exceeds normal VARCHAR limits
• When exact storage requirements are unknown or potentially very large

Quick Comparison: CHAR vs VARCHAR vs TEXT

Important Tips

• Use CHAR only when all values will be exactly the same length
• VARCHAR is the best choice for most standard text fields
• Reserve TEXT for content that exceeds VARCHAR limits
• Consider VARCHAR(MAX) in SQL Server for large text that might need indexing
• Be aware that TEXT fields may have limitations on default values and full-text indexing

What is the GROUP BY Clause in SQL?

The GROUP BY clause is used in SQL to group rows that have the same values in specified columns into summary rows, often in combination with aggregate functions like:

• COUNT()
• SUM()
• AVG()
• MIN()
• MAX()

It's essential for producing grouped reports, summaries, and data analysis from your tables.

GROUP BY Syntax

SELECT column_name, AGGREGATE_FUNCTION(column_name)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;

Example Table: orders

Example Query: Total Amount Spent by Each Customer

SELECT customer_id, SUM(amount) AS total_spent
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id;

Result:

The query groups rows by customer_id, then calculates the total amount per customer.

GROUP BY with Multiple Columns

You can group by more than one column for more granular summaries:

SELECT customer_id, order_date, COUNT(*) AS daily_orders
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id, order_date;

GROUP BY with WHERE Clause

Use WHERE to filter before grouping:

SELECT customer_id, COUNT(*) AS order_count
FROM orders
WHERE amount > 50
GROUP BY customer_id;

GROUP BY vs ORDER BY

• GROUP BY groups rows for aggregation
• ORDER BY sorts the final output

You can use both together:

SELECT customer_id, COUNT(*) AS order_count
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id
ORDER BY order_count DESC;

GROUP BY and HAVING Clause

Use HAVING to filter grouped results (not individual rows):

SELECT customer_id, SUM(amount) AS total
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id
HAVING total > 100;

HAVING works like WHERE, but after grouping.

When to Use GROUP BY

• Summarizing sales by region, product, or customer
• Counting records by category
• Averaging scores, salaries, or ratings
• Filtering groups with HAVING